A Great Man Who Conquered, Then Created The Largest Empire

A great man who conquered, then created the largest empire in the ancient world had lived. Alexander the Great accomplished a lot in his short life conquering vast lands as well as spreading the Greek culture throughout Middle East also Asia. Alexander the Great has many accomplishments in his life, and changed history in more of a passive way than in a direct way because of his character and the accomplishment he had built over his lifetime. Alexander the Great was born into royalty in Macedonia July 356 BCE, this is when the greatest list of accomplishments began. In his life he was taught by Aristotle. Alexander the Great’s father, because he was a noble, assigned Aristotle to teach his son so he can be well educated. When†¦show more content†¦After defeating Persia, he began dressing the way Persians dressed and had two Persian wives so the newly conquered people will be more comfortable with him as he ruled. In 331 BCE he besieged Gaza on his way to Egypt an d conquered Egypt easily. The conquered city was designed as a hub for Greek culture and commerce. India was where Alexander the Great had his greatest battles. In the battle of the Hydaspes river, he emerged victorious against king pours. Alexander the Great wanted to conquer more land, but because of his army was exhausted by years of fighting decided to return home then died shortly after. Alexander the Great never lost a battle in his 15 years of conquest. While he conquered, he popularized the use of coins with propaganda on it. He named more than 70 cities after himself and one after his horse. He was said to be ruthless toward those that oppose him as well as fair and honest toward those who exhibited courage. He was said to have a temper problem and a drinking problem. Alexander the Great is said to smell good. Growing up, he had military experience, outdoors skills as well as education that is not common knowledge like medicine and art. He had Heterochromia making his eyes, two different colors, one blue and one brown. Alexander the Great washed his hair in saffron to keep his hair orange and shinyShow MoreRelatedGenghis Khan Essay1361 Words   |  6 PagesRunning Head: Chingis Khan 1 Throughout history, many a great empires have been built. Some so vast, that on them the sun never set. These empires however were built by multiple individuals over a period of hundreds of years. The largest empire, however was built by a group of tribal nomads led by an orphaned prince. It was the mongols under Chingis Khan who built the largest empire to ever be conquered by one man. Over the course of only a few decades he shook the world and changed historyRead MoreAlexander the Great Essay 91181 Words   |  5 PagesAlexander the Great Alexander the Great was a king and conqueror. He is commonly referred to as â€Å"the most powerful leader of all time.† What is it that makes him such a powerful leader? What has he accomplished that has made him so significant? Were his accomplishments positive or negative? These are all questions that when combined as one create a debate that has been going on for decades. There are those who admire Alexander’s military achievements and ability to carve out the largest empire the worldRead MoreThe Rise Of The Century King Cyrus And Emperor Constantine1302 Words   |  6 PagesThere are some scholars who would argue that these to ruler’s conversion to god was not sincere and they were just political masterminds. Either way Cyrus and Constantine are two central figures in Judaism and Christianity, two of the world’s major organized religions. Cyrus and Constantine took over many lands and built their huge empires on a religious foundation through their autonomous military, economic policies and religious fanaticisms. King Cyrus of the Persian Empire and Emperor ConstantineRead MoreAlexander II And Alexander The Great1642 Words   |  7 Pages A tactician is defined as someone who is good at planning tactics; Philip II and Alexander the Great would not fall under this name because they were not good at planning tactics, they were disputed to be the best at planning them. Alexander III the Great was born in 356 BC in the capital of Macedonia; Pella. Growing up Alexander watched his father turn Macedonia into a great military power . Philip II was the first to create an unstoppable Macedonian army and his son Alexander would further expandRead MoreThe Rise Of The Century King Cyrus And Emperor Constantine1305 Words   |  6 PagesThere are some scholars who would argue that these two ruler’s conversions to god was not sincere and they were just political masterminds. Either way Cyrus and Constantine are two central figures in Judaism and Christianity, two of the world’s major organi zed religions. Cyrus and Constantine took over many lands and built their huge empires on a religious foundation through their autonomous military, economic policies and religious fanaticisms. King Cyrus of the Persian Empire and Emperor ConstantineRead MoreA Brief Note On The Mongolian Empire And The Golden Horde870 Words   |  4 PagesStudies Block 8 30 September 2014 Mongols Essay The Mongolian empire thrived and conquered throughout the 12th and 13th centuries in Asia and are the largest empire in the history of the world (Document A and Backround Essay). By modern standards they are viewed as brutal barbarians, but in reality they were a thriving civilization that accomplished great feats even though they had to be barbaric when it came to war. They created new innovations within Asian countries, they had a rich and diverseRead MoreGenghis Khan And The Great Khan Of The Mongol Empire1701 Words   |  7 Pages Genghis Khan was the founder and the Great Khan of the Mongol Empire. He united many of the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia and secured more land than any other conqueror in history. Genghis Khan and the Mongolians were a leading force that molded much of Eurasia. He was born into poverty, and experienced the death of his father at a very young age. Genghis Khan eventually brought improvements to warfare, technology, and tribal relations in his at tempt to establish a route to the Silk Road.Read MorePhillip II of Macedon Essay1614 Words   |  7 Pagesthen a century before was still a menacing force. The Barbarian State of Macedon was led by warrior kings who aspired to be Greek, yet ruled over a feudal society that was as multicultural as any of its time. Good morning Miss Boeston and class. Todays seminar will conclusively prove to you the statement that Philip II of Macedon was responsible for the rise to greatness of the Macedonian Empire in the Fourth Century BC by examining several issues associated with Philips rule. Macedon was a weakRead MoreAlexander the Greats Impact on the World Essays1339 Words   |  6 PagesAlexander the Great is without doubt one of the greatest military leaders of history. Not only did Alexander of Macedon conquer enormous areas of the known world but also he demonstrated dynamic leadership and masterful strategy on a large scale and tactics on the battlefield. During his life, he ruled the largest empire the world had ever seen, which stretched from ancient Greece to India. The son of King Phillip II of Macedon, Alexander was educated by the philosopher Aristotle and first led MacedonianRead MoreThe Origin Of The Mongolian People1729 Words   |  7 PagesEveryday, people move to different cities, towns, neighborhoods, or just the middle of nowhere. And these people who relocate, bring something unique to the new area that they live in. When people migrate, a society becomes more diverse. Cultures, foods, religions, languages, beliefs, and much more are exposed to di fferent people and this in turn, causes many people to become more informed, diverse, less ignorant, and sometimes even infuriated. Just like in the present, the same things occurred in

4th Amendment Essay - 2109 Words

All Americans are entitled to their rights. The Fourth Amendment states that we the people have to deny search and seizures from law enforcement without a warrant. The fourth amendment generally prohibits police from entering a home without a warrant unless the circumstances fit an established exception to the warrant requirement. According to the book The Constitution: Our Written Legacy by Joseph A. Melusky, the Fourth Amendment gives the right of the people to be secure in their person, houses, papers, and effects against unreasonable searches and seizures. Although we are entitled to these rights, police sometimes use and abuse their authority. In many cases, the Fourth Amendment has helped prove the innocence of one’s actions.†¦show more content†¦In the court case United States v. Ludwig the police took a narcotics dog through a parking lot in hopes that he would find the scent of drugs (www.loompanatics.com). Since a motorized vehicle has the ability to be driv en far away and evidence can be removed, police believe that under certain circumstances they can search a car without a warrant. A dog alerted the cops by letting them know he smelled the scent of narcotics. They asked the suspect if they can search his truck. The suspect didn’t give them consent he was against the search but they still took the keys from him to search the truck. They found drugs in his trunk and a couple of large bags of marijuana. The police didn’t have a warrant nor did they have permission from the suspect to search his truck. The Supreme Court first ruled that it was unlawful to search his car without a warrant and no legit reasoning for the search. Then the court ruled that it was lawful because the officers said that the dog alerting them, were their reasoning for a warrantless search. The cops also stated in court that the reason they took the suspect’s keys is because if they have didn’t, there was a possibility that he could dr ive off and get rid off the drugs which would be their loss of evidence. This case shows how citizens have certain rights when it comes to their vehicles but they can still be ‘violated† in a sense. The next letter of the acronym is for illegal consentShow MoreRelated 4th Amendment Essay examples1107 Words   |  5 Pages4th Amendment In the late 1700s the 4th Amendment was written because of strong objections to the Writs of Assistance or general warrants. The Writs Assistance gave officials the right to enter any home and seize belongings without a reasonable cause. (Grolier Encyclopedia) The 4th amendment was ratified in the Bill of Rights on December 15, 1771. This amendment protects the peoples right to privacy and security. (Encarta Online) The Fourth Amendment states, The right of the people toRead MoreFourth Amendment 4th Amendment1596 Words   |  7 PagesThe 4th amendment, search and seizure causes a lot of problems. Search and Seizure is the rights that police have when they enter in a home. The standard for conducting a warrantless search, probable cause, is the same standard necessary for a warrant to issue. An illegal search or illegal seizure is a violation of your Fourth Amendment rights, and any evidence seized must be excluded from trial. Normally police need a search warrant to enter into a home unless they get the consent to enter in theRead MoreImportance Of The 4th Amendment707 Words   |  3 Pagessaid ,† Statutes authorizing unreasonable searches were the core concern of the framers of the 4th Amendment.†(Sandra Day O’Conner) This means that the Fourth Amendment was very important too the individuals that made this Amendment and to the citizens of the United States of America. The Fourth Amendment was added to the Constitution of the United States of America on December 15, 1791.This Amendment is very important because it gives people the privacy that they deserve.This also means no one canRead MoreThe 4th Amendment : Amendments To The American Revolution1802 Words   |  8 PagesAmerican colonists did not like these search and seizures and was one of the factors contributing to the American Revolution. The 10 Amendments as known as the Bill of rights were created to protect a person from excessive government powers. The 4th Amendment proposes that the searching of one’s property without a search warrant would be found unconstitutional. The 4th amendment specifically states that â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonableRead MoreNsa s Surveillance Program : A Violation Of The 4th Amendment1585 Words   |  7 PagesArturs Kazijevs PLSC 1320 4/14/2014 The NSA’s Surveillance Program: A Violation of the 4th Amendment Edward Snowden’s disclosures have brought to light many secret government actions that were previously unknown. One of the most controversial government programs that Snowden disclosed was how the National Security Agency (NSA) collected virtually every phone record for calls made in the United States between US citizens. It makes sense to monitor phone calls to or from callers located outsideRead MoreDrones in America and How They Infringe on the 4th Amendment and Due Process of the Law2930 Words   |  12 PagesConstitutional Law II Dr. Jeffery Swain Florida Memorial University Drones In America And How They Infringe On The Fourth Amendment and Due Process Of The Law Abstract The purpose of this research paper is to show how unmanned aerial vehicles, better known as UAV’s or drones infringe on the Fourth Amendment and Due Process of the law. The Fourth Amendment states; † the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers and effects against unreasonable search and seizuresRead MoreKing Case Study Individual Paper978 Words   |  4 Pagesgiven as to how the Fourth and Fifth Amendments are applied to cybercrimes, as well as an explanation how the Fourth and Fifth Amendments were addressed in this case. Further explanation on how the King ruling may apply to other cases involving computers or other devices that contain electronic evidence is provided. The 4th and 5th Amendments Applied To Cybercrimes The 4th Amendment can be applied to cybercrimes, but not the 5th Amendment. However, the 4th Amendment’s protection in regards to computersRead MoreDrug Testing Of The United States1430 Words   |  6 PagesFirstly, the case involves a 4th Amendment of the constitution regarding the right to unreasonable search and seizures. Particularly, the case is about a Springfield University conducting random drug testing of the students because they have been getting various students cases, where a student was found to be involved abusing illegal controlled substances. The university conducted a survey to get knowledge from the students about abusing illegal substances such as marijuana, heroin, cocaine, methamphetamineRead MoreThe Bill Of Rights Of The United States Constitution1501 Words   |  7 Pagesa historical documents that has the first 10 amendments to the United States Constitution. The purpose of the Bill of Rights is for greater constitutional protection for our own indi vidual liberties. It has a list of specific prohibitions on government power. There were only 12 amendments originally for the state legislatures and only picked 10 for all the states and those are known as the Bill of Rights, but there are 27 amendments in total. Amendments 3 through 12 were adopted by the United StatesRead MoreCriminal Procedure Essay1419 Words   |  6 Pagesmoderate values; therefore generating conflict evident throughout the years. This paper discusses models, crime control and due process, and how each affects the criminal procedure; as well be an inclusion of the review and assessment of several amendments and how each applies to both models. Contrast between crime control and due process models The crime control model incorporates upholding principles that demonstrate the traditional values of the criminal justice system. Supporters of this model

Definition of Some Symbols Free Essays

string(121) " the Muslim leaders continued to use a simple black, white, or green flag with no markings, writing, or symbolism on it\." Some people seem to think that the red cross which is used as a symbol by the American Red Cross and International Red Cross is a Christian symbol – and therefore that these organizations are Christian in character. I don’t know why, but these people don’t seem to realize that cross are and have been used as symbols outside of Christianity. Media Matters reports: [A]ccording to the American Red Cross website, it was â€Å"[i]n honor of the Swiss †¦ that] the symbol of a red cross on a white background (the reverse of the Swiss flag) was identified as a protective emblem in conflict areas. We will write a custom essay sample on Definition of Some Symbols or any similar topic only for you Order Now † While the cross on the Swiss flag originated in the 1200s from â€Å"a symbol of the Christian faith,† according to the Swiss Embassy in the United States, the Red Cross makes no mention of Christianity as a reason for adopting the symbol. †¦ In addition to stating that its symbol was chosen as the reverse of the Swiss flag, the American Red Cross website adds that â€Å"[t]he Red Cross idea was born in 1859, when Henry Dunant, a young Swiss man, came upon the scene of a bloody battle in Solferino, Italy,† and that the â€Å"emblem was adopted at this first International Conference as a symbol of neutrality† at the first-ever Geneva Convention at Geneva, Switzerland, in 1864. Media Matters put up this information to explain how Bill O’Reilly was incorrect to use this as an example for why it’s wrong to remove the large Christian cross from Mt. Soledad in San Diego. O’Reilly isn’t the only person who thinks that the red cross is a Christian cross, though — that appears to be a belief held by many Muslims and why Muslim organizations use a red crescent. Vehicles with a red cross on them might be targeted as a Christian vehicle in wrong place. Thus, Christians like Bill O†™Reilly who are trying to defend Christianity are making the same mistakes as non-Christian terrorists who would like to attack Christianity. The irony of this is truly astounding. It is confusing because most people think of a â€Å"cross† as the Christian symbol, the murder weapon. The cross or plus sign on the Swiss flag is actually a symbol of the Christian faith as well so the red cross flag, a symbol which is derivative of the Swiss flag, is also a Christian symbol. The plus sign is in all aspects a cross in the religious sense and does represent a specific religion on the Swiss flag as well as the red cross symbol. I might as well be in the shape of the murder weapon itself more traditionally presented by religious people. There is a red crescent flag and a red star of David flag as well, clearly religious symbols which were made as alternatives it the Christian cross or plus sign on these flags. Identification * The red cross symbol is a four-armed cross that resembles two perfect rectangles placed to look like a cross. There is no lettering, and the symbol usually appears on a white background. Significance * The symbol is the international sign for medic. It is associated in the U. S. with the American Red Cross, a nonprofit aid agency that helps those in need, regardless of their ability to pay. History * The cross was one of many symbols used to signify medic until the introduction of firearms to battle and the increase in casualties. Henri Durant designed the red cross as we know it today after witnessing tens of thousands of soldiers left dying on the battlefield with no one to help them. As I understand it, the red cross was a symbol designed to identify medical personal during wartime – it was meant to be a symbol of protection. It is a reversal of the Swiss flag, in honour of the Red Cross founder, Henry Dunant, who was swiss. So nurses and other medical personal wore a red cross to identify themselves. Nursing was at the core of the Red Cross movement from its inception. Nowadays, the Red Cross has come to be associated with disaster relief and other humanitarian efforts. the red cross represents many things such as unity, peace, hope, and the color of our blood The crescent moon and star is an internationally-recognized symbol of the faith of Islam. The symbol is featured on the flags of several Muslim countries, and is even part of the official emblem for the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. The Christians have the cross, the Jews have the star of David, and the Muslims have the crescent moon, right? What is the history behind the crescent moon symbol? What does it symbolize or mean? How and when did it become associated with the faith of Islam? Is it a valid symbol for the faith? The crescent moon and star symbol actually pre-dates Islam by several thousand years. Information on the origins of the symbol are difficult to ascertain, but most sources agree that these ancient celestial symbols were in use by the peoples of Central Asia and Siberia in their worship of sun, moon, and sky gods. There are also reports that the crescent moon and star were used to represent the Carthaginian goddess Tanit or the Greek goddess Diana. The city of Byzantium (later known as Constantinople and Istanbul) adopted the crescent moon as its symbol. According to some reports, they chose it in honor of the goddess Diana. Others indicate that it dates back to a battle in which the Romans defeated the Goths on the first day of a lunar month. In any event, the crescent moon was featured on the city’s flag even before the birth of Christ. The early Muslim community did not really have a symbol. During the time of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), Islamic armies and caravans flew simple solid-colored flags (generally black, green, or white) for identification purposes. In later generations, the Muslim leaders continued to use a simple black, white, or green flag with no markings, writing, or symbolism on it. You read "Definition of Some Symbols" in category "Papers" It wasn’t until the Ottoman Empire that the crescent moon and star became affiliated with the Muslim world. When the Turks conquered Constantinople (Istanbul) in 1453, they adopted the city’s existing flag and symbol. Legend holds that the founder of the Ottoman Empire, Osman, had a dream in which the crescent moon stretched from one end of the earth to the other. Taking this as a good omen, he chose to keep the crescent and make it the symbol of his dynasty. There is speculation that the five points on the star represent the five pillars of Islam, but this is pure conjecture. The five points were not standard on the Ottoman flags, and as you will see on the following page, it is still not standard on flags used in the Muslim world today. For hundreds of years, the Ottoman Empire ruled over the Muslim world. After centuries of battle with Christian Europe, it is understandable how the symbols of this empire became linked in people’s minds with the faith of Islam as a whole. Based on this history, many Muslims reject using the crescent moon as a symbol of Islam. The faith of Islam has historically had no symbol, and many refuse to accept what is essentially an ancient pagan icon. It is certainly not in uniform use among Muslims. Why We Look Up – Lascaux is a World Heritage Site and late Upper Paleolithic cave complex in southwestern France that belongs to the Magdalenian Culture. Lascaux’s cave paintings were made c. 15–18,000 B. C. The sophistication of the Lascaux cave paintings is extraordinary when considered against their great antiquity. Their subtlety, complexity of technique and metaphor are qualities we can immediately relate to. The full articulation of this cave art reveals a mind akin to our own. If time and language barriers could be set aside, it is very possible that Magdalenian people of the late Upper Paleolithic would understand us, and that in return we could understand them. What do these great paintings tell us? Aurochs and other large animals portrayed in Paleolithic cave art were often hunted for food. The act of painting them in a sacred cave has often been interpreted as an important element in a ritual that invoked sympathetic hunting magic. The act of a painting the animal sends a message to its spirit, that great respect is intended and that only those individuals essential for tribal survival will be hunted and killed. The spirit world and the gods are asked to ‘understand’ and not penalize the human sphere. The act of painting, the actions and protocol by which these paintings are executed, is the ritual. The finished painting is a record of the ceremony. It is a static reminder of the bond between the spirit world and humankind and of the obligations each ‘world’ owes to the other. We do not know if these great animal paintings were prayed to. We do not know if Paleolithic religion venerated and prayed to icons. Read more at http://www. environmentalgraffiti. com/sciencetech/what-the-lascaux-cave-paintings-tell-us-about-how-our-ancestors-understood-the-stars/15506#r9dA81UrDttvubS6. 99 What do these great paintings tell us? Aurochs and other large animals portrayed in Paleolithic cave art were often hunted for food. The act of painting them in a sacred cave has often been interpreted as an important element in a ritual that invoked sympathetic hunting magic. The act of a painting the animal sends a message to its spirit, that great respect is intended and that only those individuals essential for tribal survival will be hunted and killed. The spirit world and the gods are asked to ‘understand’ and not penalize the human sphere. The act of painting, the actions and protocol by which these paintings are executed, is the ritual. The finished painting is a record of the ceremony. It is a static reminder of the bond between the spirit world and humankind and of the obligations each ‘world’ owes to the other. We do not know if these great animal paintings were prayed to. We do not know if Paleolithic religion venerated and prayed to icons. At the beginning and end of time, all the ‘worlds’ are integrated and melded into an indescribable whole and ‘oneness’. This final and beginning state of reality is the adamantine bliss of yoga and Buddhist cosmology as typified by the god Brahma. It is often created by the cosmic dance of the multi-armed Shiva. It is everything and nothing, timeless and beyond words. Read more at http://www. environmentalgraffiti. com/sciencetech/what-the-lascaux-cave-paintings-tell-us-about-how-our-ancestors-understood-the-stars/15506#r9dA81UrDttvubS6. 99 Lascaux – Hall of Bulls / panorama Norbert Aujolat – CNP/MCC This is the deep layer of meaning in many Paleolithic cave paintings that goes beyond sympathetic hunting magic. This is a multidimensional, mythological layer whose journey in the millennia to follow will connect with Stonehenge as a future article shall discuss. This deeper layer is also metaphysical and mathematical, and relates to the adamantine oneness of Vedic, Hindu and Buddhist cosmology. The complexity of mind revealed in late Upper Paleolithic cave art is akin to that expressed much later in history by ancient Vedic philosophers whose art form was Sanskrit poetry. Mathematical aspects in late Upper Paleolithic mythopoetics derived from observational astronomy. Some cave paintings recorded an understanding of the path the moon takes around the sun – the ecliptic. An understanding of the ecliptic leads to the discovery of the zodiac, the annual path of the sun through the celestial sphere. A construct for the zodiac then follows, in which it is divided into twelve sections later known as ‘houses’. Stars, moons and planets in Upper Paleolithic culture are not the stars, moons and planets of modern astrophysics that we know. They are deities whose habitat is the Milky Way and the celestial sphere. Mathematics is art, as Plato knew well. If the annual journey of the sun, moon, visible planets and some very bright stars can be tracked and recorded with enough precision to enable accurate prediction, then the human ‘world’ has understood a great deal about the gods. We are no longer passive because we know where these celestial entities go during their year’s sojourn and what those journeys portend for life on earth. The gods do not travel alone, nor are they unconcerned about human welfare. We are their acolytes and worshipers, and the only beings that can nourish the gods. We are the only sentient beings beside the gods themselves. This is not a child’s game where Paleolithic astronomer-shaman-priests looked into the night sky to find the silhouettes of familiar animals in the geometrical arrangement of stars in the night sky. We can be fairly confident that star gazing at night was not frivolous. It was a search for realities that were believed to exist. What might be those truths? These early artifacts and cave paintings reveal a deep conviction that there was a spirit world inhabited by deities, and that some or all of that ‘universe’ was above us and was celestial. Another portion of the universe was below, an ‘underworld’ that was the antithesis of the celestial. The ‘world of the gods’ was not chaotic. Observational astronomy was the premier empirical science of the time. Astronomer-priests discovered that the ‘world’ of the gods was multidimensional and precisely organized by number and time. Pattern through time, provides consistency, a belief in structure and the possibility for prediction down the time track of the future. Look up, think and perhaps the manifestations of several deities can be seen, if they wish that to be seen by humans. When the Late Paleolithic astronomer-priests found the gods in the heavens, they confirmed that the gods do wish to be seen by us, that their celestial form is recognizable and stable, and does not change from night to night. Dr. Michael Rappengluck of the University of Munich has long believed that Magdalenian Culture of the late Upper Paleolithic in Europe looked at the night sky and ‘saw’ the Milky Way. They also discerned several bright, prominent arrangements of stars which could be described and integrated into a mythology. These arrangements of stars were the first constellations to intrude into human culture. Organized into a celestial landscape that winds its way through the Milky Way and upon which the Sun will travel, the earliest Zodiac had been found and mapped. As Plato said about mathematics, it is not an invention of human genius. It has always been there, waiting to be discovered. Lascaux – Two Aurochs / Taurus, Scorpio Photo – Prof saxx / Wikipedia The two aurochs that face each other were aligned with arrangements for the constellations of Taurus and Scorpio. They also correspond to the rising and setting opposition of two fixed stars: a) Aldebaran, which is the eye of the bull in the constellation Taurus; and b) Antares which is in Scorpio. Understand that there are several aurochs depicted on the cave walls in the Hall of the Bulls, but only one depiction of the constellation Taurus the Bull. Why do the Bulls predominate, why is Taurus the dominant constellation? Taurus is not the Solar God unless we make him so. The eye of the auroch that is Taurus is the supergiant star Aldebaran in the center of the constellation. The open star cluster Hyades encircles, and the Pleiades is above, the shoulder of Taurus. Culture would be the behaviour – context would be anything else eg climate, geography, raw materials and technology available. So smoke signals would reflect a culture and the fact that on open plains you can see such signalling.. Cave paintings are the root of traditional illustration, one the earliest of which has been in recent news, a ‘faint red dot’ dated to more than 40,000 years ago. These were discovered in 11 caves in Spain, and results show that they are at least 15,000 years older than we first thought. It raises many questions; What are they trying to say? Who made it? Is it symbolic? Who was it made for? No matter what the answers are, illustration is a means for people to convey information, a means of visual communication. The purpose of these cave paintings are unknown, and we can only speculate as to their actual purpose. A time well before printing press, but the value of visual communication has lasted through the ages. One thing that is for sure is it was some sort of communication via visual aids, they had a purpose and had something to say. As you understand from the title, this blog is going to be about the History of Visual Communication Design, that actually had started many many years ago†¦ First of all, visual communication means, â€Å"the communication of ideas throufh the visual display of information. Primarily associated with two dimensional images, it includes: art, signs, photography, typography, drawing fundamentals, colour and electronic resources. Recent research in the field has focused on web design and graphically oriented usability. It is part of what a graphic designer does to communicate visually with the audience. † (from http://www. citrinitas. com) History of Visual Communication Design has actually started with the paintings on rocks and caves in Europe with Cro-Magnons, who form the earliest known European examples of Homo-sapiens. It is known that they are descending from populations of the Middle-East and lived from about 40,000 to 10,000 years ago in the Paleolithic period of the Pleistocene epoch. Cro-Magnons were anatomically modern. They are only different with their partly stronger physiology and brains that have larger capacity than that of modern humans. After they arrived in Europe (about 40,000 years ago), they brought sculpture, painting, body ornamentation, engraving, music and decoration of utilitarian objects, there. Tools that were survived by Cro-Magnons comprise of huts (small dwelling), carvings, cave paintings and antler-tipped spears (weapons). By the way, antler means horn of animals in the deer family, so we know that they used to hunt animal not only for food, but to make weapons, too. The remains also suggest that these people knew how to make woven clothing. More over their huts were constructed of rocks, bones, clay, branches and animal fur. It is possible that Cro-Magnons have created the first calender around 15. 000 years ago, with their knowledge of painting pictures with manganese and iron oxides. Cave Paintings â€Å"Cave or rock paintings are paintings painted on cave or rockwalls and ceilings, usually dating to prhistoric times. Rock paintings are made since the Upper Paleolithic, 40,000 years ago. It is widely believed that the paintings are the work of respected elders or shamans. † They mostly used to draw/paint large wild animals, like bisons, aurochs, horses, deers and tracing of human hands. Of caurse they have depicted abstract forms, too. † (from http://www. citrinitas. com) Researchers think that cave art may have How to cite Definition of Some Symbols, Papers

IT Risk Management in Victorian Government-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the IT Risk Management and Security in Victorian Government. Answer: Introduction The application of applying principles of risk management in an IT organization that provides management for the risks and security associated with the IT field is the process called the IT risk management process. It is combination of culture system and processes that has been undertaken by the organizations that identifies and coordinates management of risk. This risk management to achieve the objectives they aim and to prevent the harm should spread awareness and evidence that explains the need of risk management for the further decision making process in the organizations (Chance Brooks 2015). The methodology of risk management should identify and characterize the threats, determine the general impact of the risk, identify the way to reduce the risks and hence prioritize the risk reduction based on the planned strategy in IT sectors. The risks are managed in the sectors of ownership, involvement, adoption, influence and the use of IT in a larger enterprise. The several numbers o f standards provides general guidance on the practice of risk management. There are much benefits of using intrusion detection system, firewalls and vulnerability scanner to reduce the risk and can be used by common people very easily. In this report we are going to discuss the current security risks and concerns in VIC government using a diagram. Further explaining the areas of risk exposure in the organization and analyzing the accidental threats. Justifying the threats and ranking accordingly focusing on the importance. Explaining and analyzing the security guideline of the private and public organization. Moreover discussing about the challenges faced by the by the VIC government during risk management as well as evaluating the available approach of VIC government for risk control and mitigation with relatable examples. Hence, critically analyzing approaches for mitigating security risks and evaluating the risks management in terms of vulnerabilities targeted by hackers. Identifying the security risks and concerns in VIC government Risk is basically the effect of uncertainty over the objectives. But there is a prior difference between risks and uncertainty (will be discussing later in this report). The risk management process hence implies: 1. The analysis, assessment, identification and prioritizing the risk for the achievement of the organizational objectives, 2. Allocating the resources to monitor, communicate, minimize and control risk impact that minimizes the realization of opportunities, 3. Coordinating to the activities (Chance Brooks 2015). The VIC government deals with several processes as mentioned above. The platform the government mainly concerns about are: Archives and Record management Ethical Decision making Information Risk Management Security Management Safety Response Using the Social Media Here we are going to discuss about the Risk Management in the Victorian Government and its impact on the private and public sector of the country (Daly, Cooper Ma 2014). Figure 1: VGPB strategic overview plan 2016-2021 (Source: By the Author) The current security risk in the Victorian Government is mainly the transport operators. This area can be seriously affected by the security risks. Normal level of services can be more cost effective and quicker if the organization prepares and anticipate for the risks (Davies, 2014). The VIC government has worked on this transport sector and produced a Security Risk Assessment Guide, which explains methodology for the small to large transportation operator and the security risk assessment that focuses on the current practices. Identifying areas of Risk Exposure The Victorian Government Purchasing Board (VGPB) was found under the Finance Management Act (FMA) 1994 (Dollard Gordon, 2014). The Victorian Protective Data Security Framework was established under the Privacy and Data Protection Act in 2014 that provides data security obligations to the agencies of Victorian public sector (Glendon, Clarke McKenna, 2016). It builds the security risk management maturity as well as capabilities by using the principles and guidelines that already exists; this reflects the unique operating requirements of the sector. The Victorian government developed the Victorian Protective Data Security Framework (VPDSF) to monitor, establish and assure the security of information within the boundaries of Victorian government. The current security risks and concerns of the VIC government are: to determine the ownership and identify information assess the value of information identifying and managing the data security risks applying needed security measures creating positive security culture maturing the capability of protective data security Across four protective security domains and governance, VPDSF provides the organization data security protection. The Victorian government takes care of the national interest, it remains mandatory for the Protective Security Policy Framework requirements (Hopkin, 2017). On the basis of the above diagram we can note that there are five major levels of VGPB strategy: Vision: This provides leadership of goods and services that delivers value-for-money in government procurement outcomes for Victorian government (Howes et al., 2015). Mission: This level ensures the government the ability to minimize risks and develop the procurement capabilities and enables the accessibility to these procurement opportunities for all business. This also delivers the value-for-money and fit-for opportunity. This policy framework changed the tactics of Victorian Government procure services and goods after being introduced by VGPB: 1. Enhanced and embed VGPB supply policy, 2. Implementation and development of a procurement capability strategy across process, people as well as system, 3. Engaging with suppliers and the market such that to improve business with the public sector of Victorian government, 4. Enlarging the impact of VGPBs on the Victorian public sector procurement, and 5. Measuring the importance and benefits of the framework of VGPB procurement. Directives: This section manages the Value-of-money, Accountability, Probity and Scalability of the framework. The Assurance model aims to enhance the maturity of the protective data security practice of an organization and ensures the protection of information against security breaches. There is a difference between Risk analysis and Risk Exposure. The areas of risk exposure can be part of any and every activity (Jaeger et al., 2013). Risk Exposure provides a measure to the upcoming possibility of losses that may occurs form an activity or event. In IT business risk exposure often use ranks like low, medium-low, medium and high risk exposure depending on the different kind of losses either it is acceptable or unacceptable. This may include legal liability, damaged or loss of property, employees unexpected turnover or in the change in demand of the customers (Kaine et al., 2017). In the Figure 1, the area of higher risk exposure is the Accountability since the accountancy part is risky and can be data breaches by penetrating the security system. The area of low-medium risk is the value of money (Lam, 2014). The third position for medium risk is the scalability and the lowest is the probity since it deals with the public sector. Analysis of Deliberate and Accidental Threats An example of a common threat in VIC: Threats to damage and destroy property- A person can be determined as a threat for another person on not having lawful excuse (Lane et al., 2017) To damage and destroy a property that may belong to himself or any third person To damage and destroy ones own property in complete sense of knowing or believing that the property can endanger the life of others. Threats to kill- A person can be determined as a threat for another person who threatens to kill the other person The other person is intended to fear the threat and hence would be carried out forward Being reckless about the persons intension of fearing the threat can be carried out further The current security risk in the Victorian Government is mainly the transport operators. This area can be seriously affected by the security risks (Liu et al., 2016). Normal level of services can be more cost effective and quicker if the organization prepares and anticipate for the risks. The VIC government has worked on this transport sector and produced a Security Risk Assessment Guide, which explains methodology for the small to large transportation operator and the security risk assessment that focuses on the current practices (McNeil, Frey Embrechts, 2015). The methodology of risk management should identify and characterize the threats, determine the general impact of the risk, identify the way to reduce the risks and hence prioritize the risk reduction based on the planned strategy in IT sectors. On the case study of NSW Government Disaster Recovery, the risks are managed in the sectors of ownership, involvement, adoption, influence and the use of IT in a larger enterprise. Th e several numbers of standards provides general guidance on the practice of risk management. There are much benefits of using intrusion detection system, firewalls and vulnerability scanner to reduce the risk and can be used by common people very easily. Challenges in VIC government The main challenges are faced by the public sector in the VIC government (Nicholson et al., 2015). Hence there are several principle based on which the VIC government should carry forward the risk management via outsourcing: Risk Management Applying technique Importance 1. Creating and protecting the value Mainly incorporated in governance framework Part of organizational culture should be considered Improvement of performance Achievement of the objective 2. Integral part of the agency planning and management process Maintaining the strategic and business planning Part of change management process Avoids delicacy Guides the prioritization Classifies responsibilities 3. Part of Decision making Explicitly incorporated into system design, changes and projects resources allocation Part of staff recruitment and employment arrangement Assist prioritize actions Distinguished alternative course of actions 4. Transparency and Inclusive Scope and methods should be identified for risk monitoring and reporting stakeholders Role of stakeholders within the process of risk management Promotes the line of sight and risk appetite Vulnerabilities identification 5. Tailoring the risk framework is designed and operated to fit with the agencys capabilities and context adequate resources are allocated aligns with agencys external and internal context and risk profile 6. Continual facility improvement risk management system is incorporated in continual improvement systems stakeholder feedback is sought to influence the ongoing development of the risk framework improves agency risk maturity addresses stakeholder expectations to protect community interests Difference between Risk and Uncertainty The main difference between the risk and uncertainty is that risk is an unplanned event and occurrence of risk may affect of the objectives in management (Paschen Beilin, 2017). It may either affect the project positively or negatively hence risk can both be a positive risk as well as a negative risk. The main objective is to minimize the negative strategy impact of risks and to maximize the positive risk responseis the chances of happening positive risks. Risks have been identified during the risk identifying process (Potts, Rajabifard Bennett, 2017). The Unknown risks are those risks which cannot be identified during the risk identification processes. Lack of certainty is known as the uncertainty. The outcome of any event is said to be completely unknown in uncertainty, and it cannot be guessed or measured thus we dont get any background information on certain event. In uncertainty, one completely lacks the information of the event even though it has been identified earlier (Slovic, 2016). In case of such unknown risks, although having the information background, people simply ignores it during the identify risks process. The following are a few differences between risk and uncertainty: The possibility of future outcome cannot be predicted while being in uncertainty Uncertainty is uncontrollable but risk can still be managed Uncertainty cannot be measures and quantified while risk can be One can assign the probability of risk events but with uncertainty one cannot In the considered case study of VIC government the risk and uncertainty are governance and the sector of market approach respectively. Evaluating the availability of VIC government for Risk Control and Mitigation The VIC government has principles of risk management that controls the risk and mitigation of the country IT sector. Cresting and protecting the values Integral part must be created of the agency procession Is the part of the decision making processes Explicitly addresses the uncertainty A systematic, structures and timely maintained operation Based on the best available information Created and developed by the agency Takes the cultural and human factor in account The transparency and inclusiveness Is iterative, dynamic and accessible to the changes Continual improvement facilitates the agency This provides protection against data breaches and cyber crimes occurrence. The application of an integrated risk management information system is quite important for the approach to safety (Sweeting, 2017). The risk exposures in potential business are a measurement against the risk that involves significant priorities. The concept of risk management is to determine the agencys possible risk appetite and the medium of communication, the implementation of agencys risk management framework and its allocation as well as the roles and responsibilities for managing the individual risk. For enhancing the performance of the risk management and decision making of the VIC government the agency applies the following approaches: The continual improvement of risk management techniques and the enhancement of the organizational production Risks, controls and risk treatments on full accountability Risk management application in every decision making process, independent of the level of significance and importance (Warmerdam et al., 2017) Having stakeholders consultation and continual communication risk management of full integration in the agencys governance structure Conclusion An effective management of risk gives rise to some significant improvement in operational profitability and operational effectiveness. An approach to risk management is required in each sector of industry for the better security management and safety process in the near future. This provides protection against data breaches and cyber crimes occurrence. The application of an integrated risk management information system is quite important for the approach to safety. The risk exposures in potential business are a measurement against the risk that involves significant priorities. The concept of risk management is to determine the agencys possible risk appetite and the medium of communication, the implementation of agencys risk management framework and its allocation as well as the roles and responsibilities for managing the individual risk. The approach of effective risk management for corporate and business planning process enables better decision making, establish clear accountability , improves the performances and the outcomes and build confidence in the new opportunity that considers the risk approach. The Victorian Protective Data Security Standards (VPDSS) developed high level mandatory requirements such that to secure the public sector data and to provide the governance across the domains like ICT, physical security, personnel and information. The standard as discussed is durable and hence takes the risk management approach empowering the government business to function safety, security and effectiveness. It also encourages the decision making of the organization and proritiz4e the security effort. A risk management approach requires your organization to ensure information is always adequately protected, by continually assessing security measures against any new or updated threats and vulnerabilities. The adoption of a risk-based approach consistent with the Victorian Government Risk Management Framework (VGRMF) is the fundamental principle of the VPDSF. A flexible approach to implementation of security measures provides your organization with the autonomy to interpret your business needs and articulate your risk tolerance within your operating environment. References Chance, D. M., Brooks, R. (2015).Introduction to derivatives and risk management. Cengage Learning. Daly, D., Cooper, P., Ma, Z. (2014). Understanding the risks and uncertainties introduced by common assumptions in energy simulations for Australian commercial buildings.Energy and Buildings,75, 382-393. Davies, J. C. (2014).Comparing environmental risks: tools for setting government priorities. Routledge. Dollard, M. F., Gordon, J. A. (2014).Evaluation of a participatory risk management work stress intervention(Vol. 21, No. 1, p. 27). Educational Publishing Foundation. Glendon, A. I., Clarke, S., McKenna, E. (2016).Human safety and risk management. Crc Press. Goode, N., Salmon, P. M., Spencer, C., McArdle, D., Archer, F. (2017). Defining disaster resilience: comparisons from key stakeholders involved in emergency management in Victoria, Australia.Disasters,41(1), 171-193. Hopkin, P. (2017).Fundamentals of risk management: understanding, evaluating and implementing effective risk management. Kogan Page Publishers. Howes, M., Tangney, P., Reis, K., Grant-Smith, D., Heazle, M., Bosomworth, K., Burton, P. (2015). Towards networked governance: improving interagency communication and collaboration for disaster risk management and climate change adaptation in Australia.Journal of Environmental Planning and Management,58(5), 757-776. Jaeger, C. C., Webler, T., Rosa, E. A., Renn, O. (2013).Risk, uncertainty and rational action. Routledge. Kaine, G., Young, J., Lourey, R., Greenhalgh, S. (2017). Policy choice framework: guiding policy makers in changing farmer behavior.Ecology and Society,22(2). Lam, J. (2014).Enterprise risk management: from incentives to controls. John Wiley Sons. Lane, R., Bettini, Y., McCallum, T., Head, B. W. (2017). The interaction of risk allocation and governance arrangements in innovative urban stormwater and recycling projects.Landscape and Urban Planning,164, 37-48. Liu, L. C., Li, Q., Zhang, J. T., Cao, D. (2016). Toward a framework of environmental risk management for CO2 geological storage in China: gaps and suggestions for future regulations.Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change,21(2), 191-207. McNeil, A. J., Frey, R., Embrechts, P. (2015).Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques and tools. Princeton university press. Nicholson, E., Regan, T. J., Auld, T. D., Burns, E. L., Chisholm, L. A., English, V., ... Metcalfe, D. J. (2015). Towards consistency, rigour and compatibility of risk assessments for ecosystems and ecological communities.Austral Ecology,40(4), 347-363. Paschen, J. A., Beilin, R. (2017). How a risk focus in emergency management can restrict community resiliencea case study from Victoria, Australia.International Journal of Wildland Fire,26(1), 1-9. Potts, K. E., Rajabifard, A., Bennett, R. M. (2017). Supporting the risk management process with land information: a case study of Australia.Disasters,41(2), 352-364. Slovic, P. (2016).The perception of risk. Routledge. Sweeting, P. (2017).Financial enterprise risk management. Cambridge University Press. Warmerdam, A., Newnam, S., Sheppard, D., Griffin, M., Stevenson, M. (2017). Workplace road safety risk management: an investigation into Australian practices.Accident Analysis Prevention,98, 64-73.

History of Body Modifications

Introduction Body alteration or otherwise body modification involves the deliberate changing of one’s natural composition. There are many reasons to carry out body modification among them being aesthetics, marking a rite of passage among some cultures, portrayal of certain sexual enhancements, displaying body arts, and depicting affiliation to certain membership groups among others.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of Body Modifications specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Body modifications take a variety of forms including plastic surgery, socially acceptable decorations, for instance ear piercing, and religious rites of passage, for instance circumcision among others. Today, types of body modifications have expanded to include practices such as cosmetic surgery and body implants. From a sociological perspective, some practices of body modifications have attracted many controversies. Some of these con troversies are akin to the notion of â€Å"attempting to beautify the natural form of a body often leading to charges of disfiguration and mutilation† (Atkinson, 2004, p.125). Consequently, critics of body modifications that encompass extreme alterations of the natural form of the human body as indicative of symptoms of dysmorphic disorder, evidence of some mental illness, or even a portrayal of some unchecked sanity. Indeed, unlicensed cosmetic surgeries are often considered illegal in many nations since they threaten the lives of their wearers. From the perspective of non-universal acceptability of some forms of body modifications, this study examines and evaluates how body modification practices have been understood as acts of inscription. Besides, the study points out why such modifications are understood as practices of difference. An effort is also made to discuss what happens when people read about body modifications with the aim of analysing how they represent embodie d experiences within sociology. Understanding Body Modifications as acts of Inscription Body modifications can act as a means of inscribing people’s experiences and moments in life that one may not wish to forget. For instance, inscription of love on one’s body may act as a constant reminder of emotional attachment to certain people. Indeed, people have their arms inscribed with the names of their lovers and demised close family members such as their mothers, sisters, brothers, or even their fathers among others. By so doing, it means that an inscribed tattoo reminds one’s of the demise of close relative in a physical form of a body modification. Apart from the inscription of love, some people have had their bodies inscribed with names of places across the globe where they have ever visited at particular times.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A good example of such a scenario is described by the Art of Listening (2007) with a man having â€Å"his arms and chest bearing the name of a place: Burma, Singapore, and Malaysia† (p.71). Furthermore, according to the Art of Listening (2007), body modifications can be incredible mechanisms of showing inscriptions that tell the whole lot of one’s eulogy in a more real and exhaustive manner. This assertion is implied by the Art of Listening (2007) when it describes the man as having â€Å"on his right arm a figure of an Indian woman dancing with her hands clasped together above her head with her skin darkened by the tattooist’s ink† (p.71). Surprisingly, the a man also has a tattoo that shows how his voyage came to an end through inscription as if his body was a canvas for the depiction of the most important life events encountered in the voiceless patient’s life. The above arguments introduce the deeply seated attachments for body modifications through tattoos t o life’s events and certain material possessions to which the wearer of the tattoos is deeply attached. This case suggests that body inscriptions can be predominantly understood as acts of inscriptions. For instance, in the history of Europe and Britain, tattooing as an inscription is a well-developed culture. Specifically, a myriad of historians have shown with success that there is a connection between the penal code coupled with property rights with tattoos won by the Celts, Greeks, and even among Romans (Atkinson, 2004). Such relationships appear also to be a history characteristic of all people irrespective of their cultural or religious affiliations. For instance, among the Romans, some Christians inscribe themselves with body modifications carrying the image of Christ as a way of speaking volumes of the amount of devotion they have towards Him. There also exists a stringent connection between body inscriptions with pilgrimages. For example, as the Art of Listening (200 7) argues, â€Å"early modern pilgrims to Palestine were tattooed with Christian symbols available in Jerusalem†¦they brought their marked bodies home as evidence of their sacred travel† (p.72). Elsewhere, a similar practice also took place amongst pilgrimage to various places such as Loreto, Italy, during the 16th century. The argument here is that body modifications can be understood as inscriptions of events and life experiences that people would like to be forever embedded in their physical forms such that other people would recognise such experiences while they see the body modifications. In the physical state, it becomes possible to evidence experiences through some more tangible formats as opposed to evidencing memories through a word of mouth.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on History of Body Modifications specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The discussion of body modifications as a representation of inscriptions implies that people use their bodies to act as a canvas for displaying political coupled with cultural manipulations. It is perhaps also impossible to avoid body modifications. This argument is perhaps imperative by considering, â€Å"a body is also directly involved in the political field†¦power relations have an immediate hold upon it†¦they invest in it, mark it, train it, torture it, force it to carry out tasks, to perform ceremonies, and to emit signs† (Art of Listening, 2007, p. 73). To expand this argument, it is important to note that, during incidences such as military training or participation in wars, though involuntarily, human body is modified. People having such modifications have strong messages, which act as reminders of painful experiences magnificently inscribed in their bodies. This case implies that the human body is painted in totality by inscribed history either voluntarily or involuntarily. Understanding Body Modification as ac ts of Difference Literature on body modifications indicates that there are contrasting views concerning body alterations. One perspective point of view is that people should have a noble right to do whatever they want with their bodies in the attempt to make it different from the natural body. In this context, Victoria (1994) reckons, â€Å"amidst an almost universal feeling of powerlessness to change the world, individuals are changing what they do have power over: their bodies† (p.19). In this context, it is crucial to note that representation of body modification as an act of difference implies that the permission to modify one’s body is a major milestone in enabling people to assert full control over their bodies. To enhance this control, people are given noble opportunities to make choices on the manners through which they can make their bodies different from regular bodies. This provision enshrines and further suggests, â€Å"The notion of difference within the modified body† (Victoria, 1994, p.19). The resulting difference is portrayed by both embracement of the modifications by participants in the debate of body modifications and analysis of the implications of the modifications. Although body adjustments are deeply rooted within the cultural histories of different people, their evolution has made them representative of differences in cultural shifts. In the modern day, communication is effected through different channels many of which do not require physical contact to be effective.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Body modification is perhaps one of the ways of enhancing this change since people’s affiliations can be effectively communicated in non-verbal ways through piercings and some form of tattoos. Victoria (1994) is also inclined to this line of argument by further informing, â€Å"body modifications are understood as ways of communicating individual and personal affiliations and as such is perceived as a conscious act of self-making† (p.22). Arguably, therefore, body modification may be a representative of mental activities residing inside an individual. Such psychological conducts vary from one individual to another. Consequently, if body modifications can reflect these differences, it is arguable that they are a representation of differences between different people living with the society. Stilwell (2009) describes body modifications as unusual. Essentially, this statement implies that they are different from the normal bodies in their natural state. Victoria (1994) fu rther suggests that, via reflexive body techniques, â€Å"the creation of reflexive self includes activities from washing hair to being multiply pierced† (p.73). He deploys this assertion to conclude, â€Å"the reflexive self that body techniques help to construct, at least in relations to body modification practices, fall within familiar terms: modified body is made unusual† (p.22). While the culture of body modifications may be deeply seated within the roots of certain cultural heritages, engagement in multiple body modifications, for instance, multiple ear piercing or multiple tattoos, suggests a shift from one set of cultural affiliation to another. Many scholars in socio-biology contend that having multiple body modifications is an unusual and statistically rare practice. Therefore, such practices can be classified as falling in the marginal zones. Victoria (1994) supports the assertion, â€Å"many body modifications practices are indefinable through their margin ality and their expressive differences from everyday life activities such as brushing teeth† (p.23). This argument suggests and supports the notion that a modified body is unusual. Hence, it is a representation of differences. In the discussion of body modifications as acts of differences, it is crucial to evaluate the rhetoric of representation of individuality through body modifications as opposed to compliance to subscribe to collective ways of life determined by an individual’s culture. Indeed, the capacity of an individual to represent individuality is invoked for the purposes of fully expressing the intrinsic perspective of that person in a phenotypic manner. This effort entails a revelation of what represents a real individual. For complete distinctions between persons to be made, an act of portrayal of differences is important. Without such differences, it is presumable that people are all similar. Mannerisms and ways of life are perhaps some of the ample mechan isms of displaying differences between people for which body modifications are essential for consideration as differentiation criteria. Thus, body adjustments are a means for resonance of various images residing within an individual, which otherwise would remain in the silent mode. In the struggle to attain individual independence, behaving and thinking distinctively from other people are among the pivotal pillars for being one’s self. The above argument is crucial by considering that body modifications have been argued by some scholars as attempts to be fashion-trend cautious. However, it is equally important to note that fashions are dynamic. Hence, their change is inevitable. Unfortunately, when a person’s modification markings have been made, it is difficult to change them as new ways of body alterations emerge. Stilwell (2009) supports this line of view by asserting, â€Å"Once a commitment has been made, body modifications are difficult, costly, and sometimes im possible to remove† (p.23). In this extent, obsessions with piercings and tattoos may be seen as mechanisms of portrayal of a decisive action to run away from pressures exerted by the forces of fashion. Although media may bombard people with permanent body modifications with new ads of fashion, people may escape the coercive force of media by ensuring that their bodies are marked permanently. This way, it becomes possible to mark differences between generations without feeling outdated. What happens when people read body modifications? Reading about body modifications gives rise to valid perceptions and reactions. From one perspective, â€Å"having a tattoo, or a pierced ear, is a moment when boundaries are breached, involving hurt and healing† (Art of Listening, 2007, p.73). This case implies that, whenever one hears of body modification, the immediate reaction that runs through the mind of an individual is the capacity to withstand deep pain. Therefore, it appears tha t people having body modifications have an exceedingly higher ability to withstand situations involving alteration of their natural bodies. Now, it sounds incredible to infer that reading about body modifications creates the feeling that its procedure entails undergoing corporal experiences. Through such experiences, there is a change in the relationship between the internal and external components of the human body. In this extent, Stilwell (2009) reckons that body modifications involve, â€Å"perforating the boundary between the internal and external so that the external becomes internal and the external becomes external† (p.23). Consequently, people reading about body modifications have the impression that, with the body modification technologies, the external and internal bodies of human beings have no boundaries. One can read and analyse the presence of a body modification in an individual from the many contexts including trauma following the healing process associated w ith undergoing a body modification procedure and permanence among other ways. Nevertheless, an individual does not predominantly solicit for these associations. They do not necessarily emanate from an individual’s choice. For instance, undergoing some body modifications involving mutilations is not a choice. As part of a society’s cultural norms, society advocates and ensures that body modifications procedures are enforced. One of the emerging central questions that a reader of literature on the body modifications is whether it is appropriate for people to withstand huge extents of pains, which would otherwise be avoided. Unfortunately, the human body is subject to social, political, and cultural manipulations. Arguments in support of body modifications may be interpreted to mean that the natural form of the human body is not complete. Many people would be immensely interested in exploring various mechanisms of making it complete. Most importantly, one would be interes ted in knowing how such improvements might impair or enhance the normal performance of the human body. Essentially, body modifications are done using tools, which are technologically developed. In this context, a person reading literature on the theory of body modifications would want to interrogate the mental image developed that body modifications are indicative of the extents to which some people embrace technology. Stilwell (2009) is also inclined to this line of argument by further suggesting that modified body may â€Å"not only loosely identify a body, which incorporates technology, but also one that refers to a style† (p.26). Consequently, it is possible for people reading literature on body modifications to interpret the arguments in support of body modifications as implying that those people who have not at any moment won any modifications are not fashion cautious concerning body modifications brought about by technological developments. Indeed, if body modification s are indicative of the extents and levels of emotional attachments or how significant a close relative or a lover is to a person, reading on body modifications would suggest persons not having inscriptions of love in the form of, say, tattoos, are less attached to their loved ones. When people read about body modifications, it is probable that they would change the manner in which they view themselves. This argument means that their individuality would change. After developing knowledge on how a tattoo fitting the entire back of an individual is made, it evokes fear and doubts of one’s ability to endure pain. In fact, physical endurance is one of the reasons why people modify their bodies. Wohlrab, Stahl, and Kappeler (2007) support this argument by positing, â€Å"statements about testing one’s threshold for pain endurance, overcoming personal limits such as pain, the pain experience as such and showing off of own endorphins associated with painful penetration of th e body, anesthetising, and developing a positive feeling are some of the reasons for undergoing body modifications procedures (p.91). Although some curiosity of the wearer is satisfied, reading literature on body modifications from the perspective that it is one of the noble ways for people to quantify the extents to which they can endure torturing and humiliating moments in life raises the question on value addition of such an experience on people life (Stilwell, 2009). Arguably, therefore, reading literature on body modifications creates the impressions that the human body is reducible to a piece of canvas for experimentations on one’s level of creativity to capture the essence of nature and record people’s experiences encountered in their life long struggles. Gaining knowledge on the pain involved in the body modifications process gives a reader an opportunity to evaluate the appropriateness of declarations of some forms of body modifications as illegal by some legi slative authorities. Some of such modifications include surgeries, which are conducted illegally in the extent that they may threaten the life of individuals wearing them. Illegalisation implies that the proponents of body modifications who believe that, by modifying one’s body, one gains the ability to take charge and control of his or her body in the effort to create a difference are mistaken. The claim holds because, if one does not have the freedom to conduct some forms of body manipulations, the body, or the life people belong to the state. In fact, the right of life is under the protection and enshrinement of many constitutional frameworks of different nations as part of universal human rights. No person is given the right to take or even expose his or her life to danger (Atkinson, 2004). Does it is then sound substantively worth to consider some form of body modifications described in the literature on body modification as attempting to test the superiority of law on h uman right enshrined within constitutions of many nations? This issue is perhaps one of the ample questions that people reading literature on body modification would gabble with. How people represent body modifications and representation of embodied experiences within sociology People represent body modification and their embodied experiences differently in sociology. For instance, Victoria (1994) Wojcik believes that body modifications’ â€Å"movement is an outgrowth of punk in his punk and neo-tribal body art† (p.6). The author of the book also identified the sociological representation of body modifications as being driven by transformative approaches to alerting the capacity of the body to portray both anger and shocks. Often in sociological contexts, there have emerged new forms of body modifications, which exhibits and signals to other people that one belongs to a particular class or a certain culture. In such situations, embodied experiences are represented with in sociology in the form of politicisation of â€Å"the body as a primary site of social control and regulation, a site upon which to imagine a new culture of the body that is more spiritual, healthful, empowered, and sexually liberated† (Victoria, 1994, p.6). Feminism, as a new culture, has positioned strong arguments on the misuse of the women bodies by maintaining that it has often been used in a manner beyond their (women) control such as forced prostitution. Feminist movements have constantly advocated for the liberation of woman’s body, â€Å"which has been repressed by the western patriarchal religious transitions, as well as turned into an object to be dominated and controlled within convectional western medicine† (Victoria,1994, p.7). Liberation of the woman means that she is free to use her body the way she feels pleased. In this end, body modifications are some of the ways of highlighting the fracturing of control over one’s body. This mode of representation of embodied experiences of people is not only a doctrine of feminist but also with the emergence of the gay culture. New discussions and practices have been assimilated in the society (Atkinson, 2004). These discussions surround the representation of embodied experience of sexuality and the need for a means of identifications of one’s sexuality inclinations. This case has resorted to the emergence of debates on body style and modifications perceived by some opposing sexual inclinations as deviant. Among such body modifications and styles include, â€Å"use of leather, tattooing, and piecing within fetish practices and SN, as well as transgendered dress, adornments, and permanent and semi permanent modifications† (Victoria,1994, p.7). Consequently, people represent body modifications through alterations of their natural body forms with the aim of representing their embodied cultural experiences that identify their social interaction affiliations in a visu al way through modifications. Representation of embodied experiences among different people is an issue that has manifested itself in social contexts in valid forms. For instance, among feminists, the perception that women should have full authority to control the image of their bodies by means of self-inscription has attracted controversy among feminists and alternative communities for women. The question of sociological manifestations of representation of embodied body modifications experiences is centrally located within the perspectives of feminism. As Atkinson (2004) notes, there is immense â€Å"sex debates over sadomasochism, and feminist struggles for the political significance of body and body roles† (p.128). To satisfy socially anticipated roles for women, it also seems in the social fronts that some members of the society have lesser roles to play in determining whether to wear body modifications or not. For example, societal anticipations that women should be plea sing imply that one of the roles of the body is to appeal. In the effort to satisfy this demand, women often undergo body modifications such as plastic surgery and modifications induced by compulsive dieting. Conclusion People who do not have any interest on the subject of body modifications may perceive the subjects as presenting minimal situations for analysis in the effort to make conclusive judgments that determine the appropriate course of actions adopted by practitioners coupled with participants in the field of body modifications. However, as argued in the paper, discussions of body modifications incite valid views, which are insinuated socially and politically. The paper argued that the history of body modifications is rich dating as early as the 16th century in places like Rome and among various pilgrims. Additionally, it was also held that the practice of body modification has evolved to act as a social representation of culture, sexuality inclinations, and a capacity to p ersevere pain and shock without negating the means of representing differences among people amidst other ways. Reference List Art of Listening. (2007). Inscriptions of love. London: Routledge. Atkinson, M. (2004). Tattooing and civilising processes: Body modification as self-control. Canadian Review of Sociology Anthropology, 4(1), 125–146. Stilwell, N. (2009). The Sense and Sensation of Body Modifications Practice. London, University of London, Goldsmith College. Victoria, P. (1994). In The Fresh: The Cultural Politics of Body Modification. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Wohlrab, S., Stahl, J., Kappeler, P. (2007). Modifying the body: motivations for getting tattooed and pierced. Body Image, 4(2), 87–95. 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Determining Alternative Courses Of Action Accounting Essay Essay Example

Determining Alternative Courses Of Action Accounting Essay Essay Example Determining Alternative Courses Of Action Accounting Essay Essay Determining Alternative Courses Of Action Accounting Essay Essay Accounting information based on the fiscal studies for illustration, are really important for the concern proprietors as they can supply assorted information whether by quantitatively or even qualitatively. From the fiscal study, we can acquire the information by pull outing them from the accounting procedure such as recording, coverage and fiscal minutess. Accounting information is one of the tool for the man of affairs as they can utilize it to better their company s scheme public presentation and expression for ways to better current concern operations. Furthermore, they besides can make their end that is maximising the net income but with minimize cost. Fiscal accounting normally represents the company s public presentation, entire fiscal minutess such as gross, cost, disbursals in the fiscal statement and assets and liabilities in the balance sheet. The direction frequently prepare this fiscal information to reexamine how good their company generates net incomes from the sum of concern outgos. From this information, they will do a budget for the following twelvemonth running cost. Accounting information has quantitative and qualitative features. Quantitative features are the computation of fiscal minutess while qualitative features include the company s sensed importance of fiscal information. The direction particularly the top one frequently require fiscal information when doing concern determinations. Incorrect information can hold a major impact on the decision-making or do the direction to do wrong appraisals about their companies. Qualitative Features Qualitative research gathers information that is non in numerical form.A Qualitative information is normally descriptive informations therefore it is harder to analyse than quantitative informations. Figure 1 shows the qualitative features, presented in hierarchy signifier of their sensed importance. The chief focal point, as stated in the first construct statement is onA determination utility that is the ability to be utile in determination making.A The significance of comprehensibility is users must understand the information or cognition within the context of the decision-making. This is a user-specific quality because users will differ in their ability to grok any set of information Figure: Hierarchy of Desirable Features of Accounting Information Figure 1 Primary Qualitative Features For primary determination, the critical qualities that make accounting information utile are ( one ) relevancy and ( two ) dependability. No affair how dependable the information are but non relevant to the determination at manus, it is still useless. Contrariwise, relevant information is of small value if it can non be relied on. Below are the constituents that make those qualities desirable: I ) Relevance In order to do a difference in the determination procedure, information must have prognostic value. Normally, utile information will have both of the qualities. For illustration, if net income and its constituents verify investor outlooks about future positive cash-flow ability, so net income has feedback value for investors. Seasonableness is besides one of the of import constituents of relevancy. Information is considered as seasonably when it is available to users every bit shortly as possible to let the information to be used in the determination procedure. The indispensable for timely information requires that companies provide information to external users such as the investor on a periodic footing. The Security Commission ( SC ) requires its registrants that is the companies to subject fiscal statement information non merely on an one-year footing, but quarterly for the first three quarters of each financial twelvemonth excessively. two ) Dependability Dependability is the point to which information is impersonal, verifiable, and besides representationally faithful. Verifiability means a consensus among different measurers. For case, the historical cost of a piece of land to be reported in the balance sheet is normally extremely verifiable. The cost can be tracked to a dealing, the purchase of the land. However, the market monetary value of that land is much more hard to verify. The term objectiveness frequently linked to verifiability. The historical cost of that land is nonsubjective but the land s market value is subjective as it is influenced by the measurer s past experience and prejudices. A subjective measuring is difficult to verify, which makes it more hard for users to trust on. Representational fidelity exists when there is an understanding between a step and the phenomenon it purports to portray. For illustration, assume that the term stock list in a balance sheet of a retail company is understood by external users to stand for points that are intended for sale in the ordinary class of concern. If stock list includes machines that are bring forthing the stock list, so it lacks representational fidelity. Reliability assumes the information being relied on is impersonal with regard to parties perchance affected whether they are the internal or external parties. Therefore, neutrality is extremely related to the initiation of accounting criterions. Accounting criterions should be established with overall social ends and specific aims in head and should avoid prejudices by attempt non to prefer peculiar groups or companies. The qualities of relevancy and dependability frequently conflict with each other. For case, a net income prognosis provided by the disposal of a company may possess a high grade of relevancy to investors and creditors who are seeking to foretell future hard currency flows. However, a anticipation needfully contains subjectiveness in the appraisal of approaching events. Secondary Qualitative Features As for the secondary qualitative, the features are ( one ) comparison and ( two ) consistence and they are of import for determination devising. Comparability is the ability to assist users see resemblances and differences between events and conditions. Closely connected to comparison is the impression that consistence of accounting patterns over clip licenses valid appraisals between different time-frames. The prognostic and feedback value of information can merely be enhanced if users can compare the public presentation of a company throughout the clip. Quantitative Features Figure 2 shows the types of quantitative information in accounting. Figure 2 Quantitative information is information which is expressed in figures or Numberss. For illustration, a sale dealing can be expressed in figure when Jacob purchased goods from the concern. To be more specific, the dealing can be expressed as Jacob purchased goods from the concern for RM2, 000. Accounting information is the information which can be expressed in pecuniary sum. Under it are the three chief constituents which are: I ) Financial information Fiscal information is accounting information that can be utile for directors or other external parties for determination devising. two ) Operating information Operating information are information which are required to cognize daily runing minutess. three ) Management information Management information is the information which is meant for the directors of the company merely. Qualitative informations is non nonsubjective therefore it can non be faithfully verified. On the contrary, quantitative informations can be verified frequently by seeing the grounds on paper that the information is accurate. For illustration, a company s information system recorded that one of their client said that they liked the spirit of the ice pick in vanilla. The information user would happen it really hard to turn out that that client truly said that. On the other manus, the cost of natural stuffs entered in the accounting records can be proven against the information on the bills received from the providers. However, the direction should non curtail them from treating fiscal and other quantitative informations. They need to be more flexible, acute to encompass new beginnings of informations that can enable them to supply better information. Part 2 ( two ) Decision devising is the thought procedure of choosing a logical pick from the available options. When seeking to do a good determination, a individual must burden the positives and negatives of each option, and see all the options. For effectual determination devising, a individual must be able to calculate the result of each option every bit good, and based on all these points, determine which option is the best for that peculiar state of affairs. Figure 3 shows the six stairss taken in order to do determinations. Figure 3 Measure 1: Identifying the job The most of import measure in any determination devising procedure is depicting why a pick is called for and placing the most wanted effects of the determination devising procedure. The first thing that needs to make is province the underlying job that has to be solved. After the determination has been made, the coveted result must be stated clearly. This is one of the good ways to get down since by saying your ends would assist you in clear uping the ideas. Measure 2: Determining alternate classs of action The state of affairs of doing a pick arises because there are many replacements available for it. Hence, the following measure after the earliest 1 is to province out the options available for that state of affairs. The key to this measure is: make non restrict or curtail yourself to typical options or what has worked in the past but to be unfastened to new and better options. This is indispensable as the solutions sometimes can come out from these out-of-the-box thoughts. In order to work out this job, you need to make adequate research to come up with the superb facts. Measure 3: Analyzing the options It is common if you find positive or negative cones at the same clip for each of the option during the ratings. It is unusual to happen one option that would wholly decide the job and is caputs and shoulders better than the remainder. While sing both pros and cons in each option, you must be careful to distinguish between what you know as a fact or what you believed to be go oning. The determination shaper will merely hold all the facts in little instances. People ever complement what facts they have with premises and beliefs. This difference between fact-based rating and non-fact-based rating is included to help the determination shaper in developing a assurance mark for each replacement. The determination shaper needs to specify non merely what consequences each replacement could give, but how likely it is that those consequences will be realized. The more the appraisal is fact-based, the more confident he can be that the predictable result will happen. Measure 4: Choosing the best options Choosing the best option is the phase where all of your difficult work that you have put in analysing would take to a proper determination. This process would assist you with clearly looking at the available options and have to take whichever you think is the most relevant. You can besides club some of the options to come out with a better solution alternatively of merely picking out any of them. When the determination shaper is working in a squad environment, this is where a proposal is made to this squad, complete with a clear description of the job, a clear list of the replacements that were considered and a clear principle for the proposed solution. Measure 5: Implement the determination While this might look obvious, it is necessary to do the point that make up ones minding on the best option is non the same as making something. The action itself is the first existent, physical measure in altering the state of affairs. A determination merely counts when it is applied. This is a really critical measure as all people that involved in the execution of a solution should cognize about their effects. This is really indispensable for the determination to give successful consequences. Measure 6: Measure the determination Decision doing process does non stop with merely doing a determination and implementing it. The determination made and besides that have been implemented must be monitored on a regular basis. At this phase, you have to maintain a close oculus on the advancement made by using the solutions. You besides need to mensurate the consequences of executions against your expected criterions. Monitoring the solutions from the beginning phase may besides assist you to change your determinations if you notice divergence of consequences from your outlooks. At first, these stairss may look really composites but these are the of import decision-making methods that would steer you in the taking right determinations in your personal every bit good as professional life. Furthermore, decision-making is a on-going procedure and will neer come to an terminal. The Impact of Qualitative Characteristics in The Decision-Making Procedure Representational Faithfulness In the flow procedure, whether that description is a faithful representation of the relevant state of affairs, including stand foring the point, being faithful in that representation, and being impersonal and verifiable are taken to consideration. This procedure is besides iterative ( the repeat of a procedure ) by happening that a description is non a faithful representation triggers a hunt for other possible relevant descriptions, which might be a different description of the same phenomenon or a description of a different phenomenon. If other portraitures are possible, the procedure demand to be reversed in order to pick from the other descriptions the following most relevant 1. If no faithful representation of a relevant phenomenon can be established, that could be the terminal of the procedure as there is no point in describing information. Lapp goes to a relevant state of affairs, if that information is unobjective or colored averment. Alternatively, the procedure could go on t o the following measure if the absence of faithful representation is disclosed in the fiscal study merely if the information that is relevant but is inescapably non-representative biased, unfaithful, or unobjective and it is better than no information at all. Comparison The following component to take for consideration in the procedure is to measure whether the word picture of the point is comparable. Comparison is the characteristic that allows users of fiscal studies to place similarities in and differences between the economic state of affairss of the company s studies seeking to portray. The intent of consistence is to accomplish comparison which means that consistence must come to an terminal, whereas comparison is the coveted terminal. Any comparison consideration must come after relevancy and faithful representation. If economic state of affairs are irrelevant to users of fiscal statements, or the portraiture of an point does non dependably stand for real-world economic state of affairs so there is no demand to see comparison since irrelevant phenomena and word pictures that are non a faithful representation are unuseful for decision-making. Comprehensibility The following component for consideration in the procedure is whether the dependably representative and comparable word picture of the phenomenon with prognostic or collateral value is apprehensible. Comprehensibility is the quality of information that allows users who have knowledge in concern, economic, accounting and who study the information with sensible diligence to understand its significance. Understandability is improved when information is gathered, classified, characterized, and presented in a clear and concise mode. Correct information should non be excluded as it is excessively complex or hard for some users who does non has the required cognition to understand. Understandability calls for a different iterative procedure than the other qualities. To supply a non-understandable portraiture of an event is unbearable. That would blow the users clip and perchance misinformed them, and it is wholly evitable by criterions that call for apprehensible information and due attention in put to deathing those criterions. Therefore, the procedure needs to better the word picture until it is apprehensible. Comparability Including with Consistency Comparability besides needs to be considered at the summational degree. The focal point is on the mode in which the sum of points is presented. In many instances, this will ensue in exposing points in a consistent mode. However, consistence should non be applied blindly, to the loss of improved relevancy, faithful representation or comprehensibility. If the collection does non demo affairs in a comparable manner, the procedure calls for consideration of alternate ways of collection. For illustration, if information on disbursals totaled by map such as cost of gross revenues and selling is judged to hinder comparison with other entities that aggregate otherwise, the option of collection by nature such as purchased goods, wages and involvement might be considered. Comprehensibility, Including Bing Clear and Concise The following measure is to measure the comprehensibility of the aggregative presentation. To be more precise, to measure whether the overall show and revelation of the reportable point is clear and concise. Bing concise means contracting down what is reported so that what truly affairs is non covered by immaterial information. Standard compositors and preparers need to maintain in head that the accretion of information must be balanced with supplying equal information such that the significance of the information is delivered. In some instances, more information will be needed instead than less. While in other state of affairss, less information might be more apprehensible. If information is non apprehensible because it is obscure, so consideration should be given as to whether there is a better manner to portray the information for illustration usage of a list or chart alternatively of a paragraph. Descriptions written in simple linguistic communication are by and large more apprehensible to more users than those that include legal or industry-specific nomenclature. An option that is more clear and concise could ensue in a bigger figure of users understanding the information. After an option is established, so the procedure needs to look into the completeness, comparison and faithful representation of the new accretion. This procedure calls for heightening the word picture until it is apprehensible. Seasonableness Seasonableness is doing information accessible to determination shapers before it loses its capableness to act upon their determinations. If the information merely available after the clip of determination devising, it has no capableness to act upon that determination and therefore deficiencies relevancy. By utilizing timeliness entirely can non do information relevant, but a absence of seasonableness can rob information of relevancy it might otherwise hold had. Some propose that seasonableness might intend whether the information was current or dated. For case, whether points are measured based on present or historical monetary values. However, most forces understand that portion of a different facet of relevancy such as how much prognostic value or confirmatory value the information delivers. Many would state that information based on current monetary values or market monetary values has more prognostic value and some would state it has more collateral value than information based on historical monetary values. However, some might concerned that insisting on seasonableness might except valuable but dated pieces of information that came to light tardily for illustration find of an old claim. Seasonableness comes into drama merely at the terminal of the collection procedure that produces the fiscal study. If the procedure takes excessively long, the whole work may be wholly wasted as the investing or recognition determinations may already hold been made without the aid of the fiscal study. Immediate studies of flawed information are likely to be less utile than slightly delayed studies of information without such defects.